Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut

Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut The isolated gut has a spontaneous activity with rhythmic contractions and relaxation of its smooth muscles. Various drugs that affect the smooth muscles by either direct or indirect stimulation were used (Day Vane 1963). These drugs were acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter (Martini 2009, p. 304) that is released by a neuron and acts directly on the plasma membrane of another cell, in this case smooth muscles. It affects both the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors located on the smooth muscle membrane (Broadley Kelly 2001). The effects of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors can be identified by another drug, atropine (Broadley Kelly 2001). Atropine is an alkaloid found in several plants (Broadley Kelly 2001) and inhibits binding of acetylcholine to post synaptic membrane of smooth muscle cells (Martini 2009, p. 425). Adrenaline and noradrenaline are hormones released from the suprarenal glands and induce relaxation of the smooth muscles by binding to the adrenergic receptors. They are called catecholamines because of their structure (shown in figure 1). D-tubocurarine is an alkaloid drug derived from curare and is a neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonist1. It prevents acetylcholine from binding to the postsynaptic membrane of muscle fibres (martini 2009, p. 425). AIM The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine on the smooth muscles of the gut. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Transducer Heater Heat exchanger chart recorder experimental tissue (rat intestine) organ bath with carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C drugs used in the experiment were: 1 mg/mL acetylcholine 1 mg/mL atropine 1 g/mL adrenaline 1mg/mL noradrenaline 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine Methods At the start of the experiment, the transducer was calibrated using weights to allow conversion of the amount of displacement of the intestine into electrical signals which are then recorded. The amount of movement measured corresponds to the type of drug added. The experimental rat tissue that was dissected previously was supported in a 100 mL organ bath containing carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C aerated with a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The tissue was anchored to the device that applied force to stretch the muscle until a steady rate of contraction was obtained. The force of contraction was then measured and converted to electrical signals which were recorded by the chart recorder. Some equilibration time was allowed for the preparation to stabilise its activity in the organ bath before starting the experiment. The smooth muscles of the tissue had spontaneous activity before the administration of any drug. The exact concentration and volu me of the drugs administered were then calculated to obtain the right concentration. A volume of 0.1ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was first administered to the muscles and its effects were recorded. The organ bath was drained and refilled so as to resume its baseline activity. Three increments of 0.025 ml of 1mg/mL atropine were added to the organ bath periodically to see its effect on the smooth muscles. Another dose of 0.5 mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added into the organ bath without draining and refilling. The effects were then observed on the chart recorder. The organ bath was drained and refilled again. 0.1mL of 1gm/mL adrenaline was added to the water bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.1mL of 1mg/ml noradrenaline was added to the organ bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.5mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added and the effects were observed. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.025 mL of 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine was added to the water bath and the effects were recorded. Lastly without draining the organ bath, two increments of 0.5ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was added at regular intervals and its effect was recorded. RESULTS Calculation of the volume of the drugs used: acetylcholine Original concentration C:Documents and Settings7168241Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word22032011079.jpg Figure 1: Experiment setup Table 1: Effect of the drugs administered on the smooth muscles of the gut Drug administered Effect on smooth muscle observed. Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased Atropine Decrease in contraction rate- muscle relaxes Decrease in amplitude, tone and frequency Adrenaline Large decrease in amplitude Effect was very strong ( alpha and beta receptors on smooth muscles) Noradrenaline Small decrease in amplitude ( it has alpha receptors) Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased D-tubocurarine No effect as the muscle tone remained constant Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and large increase in amplitude when first dose was added and slight decrease in the amplitude when second dose was added DISCUSSION The muscle had spontaneous activity before the addition of the drugs. They were self excitatory and depolarized without the addition of any drugs. WHY As observed in table 1, acetylcholine increased the rate of contraction in the smooth muscles. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neurojunction of the nerve and the smooth muscles. Contraction of the smooth muscle achieved is due to acetylcholines effect on membrane permeability via the second messengers since it cant enter the cells interior. Acetylcholine binds to the muscarinic receptors and causes GTP binding to the alpha subunit of the G-protein. The GTP-bound alpha subunit activates the production of the second messengers by activating phosphoinosidase C (PIC). PIC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate which then forms inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 and DAG bind to the receptors on the sarcoplasm reticulum and cause the release of calcium ions into the intracellular f luid to initiate contraction of the muscle (Broadley Kelly 2001). Acetylcholine also causes the contraction of the smooth muscles by depolarizing the membrane directly via the nicotinic receptors. As seen in the table 1, adding atropine to the water bath caused decrease in the amplitude of the stimulus. This is due to the fact that atropine is a reversible competitive antagonist for acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. It has no effect on its binding on nicotinic receptors (Evers Maze 2004). It prevents acetylcholine that has built up at the neuromuscular junction from binding to the receptors and depolarizing the post synaptic membrane thus preventing the generation of an impulse in the cell. Acetylcholine produces a response when it binds to the receptors whereas atropine binds to the same receptors as acetylcholine without producing a response. It just makes the receptors unavailable for acetylcholine (Abel 1974, p.106). When another dose of acetylcholine was added to the water bath, the amplitude is seen increasing to a lower intensity than before atropine was added and transmission is restored and the muscle begins to contract. This is due to the fact that this new dose of acetylcholine displaces atropine from the receptors since it is a reversible antagonist. When adrenaline was added to the organ bath, the amplitude dropped by a large amount due to its combination with alpha and beta receptors on the smooth muscle. When noradrenaline was administered, the amplitude decreased was a small amount compared to the large drop in adrenaline. This small response obtained due to addition of noradrenaline is due to its sensitivity to alpha receptors only. Combination of noradrenaline with alpha receptors increases the K efflux and influx in depolarized smooth muscle (Bulbring 1970, p.286). This increase in K conductance caused an increase in membrane permeability and inhibited depolarization. Adrenaline caused the relaxation of the smooth muscles coupled with hyperpolarization of the membrane as a result of increase of potassium ions. The action of the sympathetic transmitters; adrenaline and noradrenaline involved direct action via the alpha and bet a receptors (Paton Vizi 1969). Acetylcholine added again resulted in high increase in the amplitude, which decreased gradually. D-tubocurarine added to the organ bath had no effect on the contraction of the muscle as it maintained a constant tone. Lastly the acetylcholine added resulted in an increase in the amplitude. This observation agreed with the expected result. It was expected for the amplitude to be constant since there wasnt any acetylcholine in the organ bath for d-tubocurarine to replace. A spike in the amplitude was observed when acetylcholine was added. Acetylcholine replaced d-tubocurarine from the nicotinic receptors and restores the transmission of the stimulus2. This shows that the neuromuscular transmission block produced by d-tubocurarine is abolished when acetylcholine is added (Bradley 1989, p.47). CONCLUSION It was found that both adrenaline and noradrenaline affect the smooth muscles via alpha and beta receptors and produce a similar effect that is relaxation. Adrenaline is more potent than noradrenaline since it utilizes both alpha and beta receptors while the other one only affects beta receptors. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that causes contraction of smooth muscles via both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Atropine is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors. D-tubocurarine is a mu

25th Hour Movie Analysis Essay

1. 25th Hour, directed by Spike Lee, presents men partially in a typical way. The typical representation of men in Hollywood film defines them as being aggressive and powerful. They are expected to bear pain silently, suppress their emotions easily, and dominate their women. Also, typical males usually don’t pay any attention to their sicknesses and try to prove their masculinity to others. However, the movie includes a hegemonic negotiation of emotional outbursts over the traditional image of masculinity. Therefore, the main character, Monty, is a famous and respected drug dealer who spends his last day of freedom. He is presented as being powerful throughout the movie because he was living the American dream, driving an expensive car, owning a fancy apartment, having a beautiful, exotic girlfriend and hanging out in luxurious clubs. Although he is independent, being a provider for Naturelle and living an expensive life, he depends on drugs to maintain his power. Monty’s apartment has hardwood floors and tall windows facing the brownstones across the street. There are some black-and-white photographs, lining the walls, and the largest photo, hanging above the sofa, represents Brogan’s Bar; the design of Monty’s apartment shows his power and wealth that came from drugs. Monty’s costuming and appearance illustrate his classy personality. His black and shiny shoes, sober and dark clothes, stylish and well-groomed hair reflect his past glamorous and wealthy life. Although Monty is going to prison in 24 hours, he suppresses all his emotions and sufferings. He walks slowly with Doyle, his dog, and reflects quietly on his life. The length of these shots is around fifteen seconds and shows his masculine insensitivity for the last day of his freedom. When he goes to the Coventry Preparatory School, he looks at his team picture smiling at his past happy memories. Monty goes to talk to Jacob about a change of plans as nothing has happened; he is very calm and doesn’t show any emotion. He even notices Mary saying that she looks cute. Monty tries to pretend that everything is fine, being indifferent and not affected by his imprisonment. Also when Naturelle asks him to talk to her, he answers as if there is nothing to talk about. Montgomery tries to show that he is emotionally powerful to overcome his fear of going to prison. Moreover, when Frank beats Monty, the latter ignores his pain and doesn’t even want to go to the doctor. He is getting prepared mentally and suffers in silence, as he would have to endure prison pain without complaint. Additionally, the traditional male expects to control females, and Montgomery dominates Naturelle throughout the movie. For example, when Montgomery comes home and they walk on the stairs he walks first and Naturelle follows him. He is in a dominant position and the woman just follows and listens to his concerns. Throughout Naturelle and Monty’s conversation Monty is shown in low camera angles, which present his power and control over his girlfriend. On the other hand, Monty shows indifference to people but inside he is furious and terrified. The hegemonic negotiation of traditional masculinity is presented because Monty also shows some emotional breakdowns showing his weakness and powerlessness. This is a more modern representation of masculinity similar to 1950s American films. There are several film form elements that present men as being weak. Monty doesn’t emulate his father but he follows his masculine instinct. The music emphasizes the hidden emotions and feelings of Monty and of other characters affected by his imprisonment. The music provides a very powerful perception of anger, fury, regret, and sorrow. It is in perfect equilibrium to Monty’s inner feelings. For example, from the opening scene the music played represents tension and sorrow and although the tempo changes constantly it is still in relation to Monty’s reactions and emotions of his last day of freedom. After the opening scene, Monty is sitting with his dog getting harassed by a drug addict; the mise en scene of this scene illustrating Monty behind bars foreshadows his future as being lonely, sad and weak. The high camera angles of Monty show him as fragile, humble and vulnerable. The depressing, gloomy and dark weather accentuates his vulnerability. Also, although he is dominant over Naturelle he cares about her future and tells her to forget about him. His strong, exterior armor is cracked by his emotional outbreak during Monty’s washroom monologue. In a collage of over-exposed images of different stereotype people, Monty curses and blames every group, and race for his downfall and for his wealth greed. More importantly he curses himself saying:† No, fuck you Montgomery Brogan† (25th Hour). He finally understands that it is not the society that is accountable for his actions but he is, and it is time for him to pay for the choices he made throughout his life. Therefore, this scene reveals his sensitivity and emotional pain. It presents how love for life can flip into hate. The dark light and self- reflection of Monty resent his inner fury that is ready to explode, while the intense music highlights Monty’s personal rage. Therefore, there’s a bright and heroic strength to Monty, together with a charismatic and sympathetic side, but also a quiet desperation and sorrow in Monty’s last hours of freedom. Monty’s friend, Jacob is presented as a simple teacher that has a crush on his rebellious teenager. He is unable to cope with his feelings. His character is a hegemonic negotiation of traditional masculinity because he is afraid of being judged for his feelings. He acts passively and seems weak in front of females. He is emotional and humble in front of Mary; but he is white so he doesn’t challenge the patriarchal dominance. High camera angles of Jacob show his inferiority and humbleness over other characters. His poor costuming represents his simple personality because he feels guilty for being born rich. When the bell rings and the class lecture is over, Jacob remains alone; a close up of his face show his deep emotions. In the teacher’s lounge scene, Jacob is presented as being stressed and unable to take control over his life. His glasses represent intelligence and rationality, as the typical representation of male. Jacob is afraid of expressing his feelings, so he is lying his friend Frank about his feelings for Mary, saying that Terry a colleague professor likes her. He even tries to make a good impression over Mary stating that he likes a young DJ. In the club Jacob can’t resist Mary’s seductions and he kisses her. The red lights accentuate the danger Jacob is going through. He acts frantically and the mixed song â€Å"but it’s alright â€Å" highlights Jacob’s feelings. He made the choice of kissing her, and his choice will be reflected throughout his life. On the other hand, Frank represents the typical representation of men. He is rich, powerful and successful. He works as a Wall Street stockbroker and is ready to take risk in order to achieve success. His costuming and makeup present him as a male that cares about his appearance and tries to create an impression on people. The mise en scene of his work environment presents a very busy, stressing and hectic workplace but in order to succeed he has to endure the hardship. When he talks to Jacob about Monty’s imprisonment he is very hard on Monty but realistic. He says that the friendship with Montgomery will end after that night; the music, the dark setting and visualization of the devastating Ground Zero depict the cruel reality. Some close ups of Frank portray his emotions and guilt concerning Montgomery’s prison years. Frank tries to make Naturelle feel guilty but doesn’t take into account his mistakes of not helping Monty. As other typical male who throw the guilt to everyone else except himself.  Therefore, throughout the movie males are represented in a typical Hollywood way but Spike Lee introduces a hegemonic negotiation where men appear more sensitive, emotional and vulnerable. 2. In the film 25th Hour, female’s representation is stereotypical. Naturelle, Monty’s girlfriend, is presented as the beautiful, loyal and exotic girlfriend. Naturelle might be considered the femme fatale being smart and sexy. Her smartness is reflected in the scene where she is waiting for Monty to come home, she is reading a book; so she is not as naive as people consider her. At the beginning, male characters think that she is the traitor, so she represents a threat for men. Monty has doubts and trust issues towards Naturelle because she knew where the drugs were. However, in the end Naturelle wasn’t the traitor, wasn’t the woman that destroyed the man that provided for her, instead it was Monty’s bodyguard. It turns out that Naturelle’s loyalty and love is genuine, as one of a housewife. When Montgomery comes home from his long walk, he finds out that Naturelle waited for him the whole day, which shows her concern for Monty’s life. She kisses him first and shows her care and affection throughout the movie. While Naturelle and Monty walk inside the apartment, Monty lies down on the couch whereas Naturelle goes first to kitchen, as a feminine instinct. Her fragility is shown when she tries to open the honey jar. Eating raw honey suggests that she is actually sweet and tender. Close ups of Naturelle deepen her emotions and feelings about Montgomery; and in the bathroom scene Naturelle expresses her love and happiness while being with Monty. Her Puerto Rican tattoo shows that although her boyfriend, who was providing for her didn’t agree with the tattoo, she still got it; her action shows her sense of independence while being faithful to her man. Throughout the movie, fetishization of Naturelle’s body occurs. During the bathroom scene, her legs are being fetishized while in the club close ups of her breasts accentuate her sexy curves. The men around her, such as Frank, always admire her; and her costuming and makeup emphasize her sexy figure. She is dressed in short, sexy, red, silver dresses that make her look powerful and sexy. During a flashback of Monty, when he remembers how he met Naturelle, she appears very sweet, innocent, young and with a provocative skirt. Monty admits that Naturelle is the only girl that he slept with and he keeps fantasizing about her. This demonstrates that she is a source of temptation and happiness for Monty. It is happiness because even in his illusionary ending Naturelle is the mother of his kids and he would have a happy life with her. On the other hand, Mary, the young student, is presented as a moist, innocent but tempting girl. She might also be presented as a femme fatale because she represents a threat for the professor. She is smart enough to argue for her marks. She uses her sexiness to make Jacob weak. Her makeup, costuming and tattoo present her as a rebellious and independent woman. She is independent because she fights for her opinions; for example she came to argue about the fairness of her mark. She is playful and tries to seduce her professor. Also, while she was reading a play in the class, Mary is shot in low angle while the professor in high angle; this implies that Mary controls Jacob through her sexiness and Jacob appears as weak and unable to defend himself from Mary’s seductive allure. However, Mary is still innocent because when Jacob goes to kiss her she has her eyes closed waiting for him, this show her inexperience and fragility. Fetishization of her legs and waist appears and Jacob is tempted by it. Therefore, women appear as a source of temptation for the actors and, their representation is stereotypical; Naturelle’s representation implies love and affection for her boyfriend whereas Mary’s representation presents a rebellious and provocative spirit. 3. Hero or victim, there’s no one to blame or honor for our actions than ourselves.  Each person has to take responsibility and hopefully survive the hard life trials. In 25th Hour, the protagonist has to be accountable for his own actions and not blame others for his imprisonment. All the viewers could relate to Montgomery’s situation because at one point we all have to pay for our mistakes even though it mentally destroys us; but we have to be able to isolate the cruel reality from the beauty of living a dream. The film opens with a black sky and two beams of light, which come from where the twin towers used to be. World Trade Center is presented as Ground Zero, an empty, devastating and ghostly space. This empty space reflects the future of Monty’s life because even though he had everything he threw it away, therefore he is responsible for neglecting what he owned. The music creates a more dramatic and mysterious effect. The viewers are expected to act sympathetically to Monty because although he did not perform heroic deeds, he expresses sincerely his feelings. The ending of the movie is as illusionary as Montgomery’s social power; it lasts till the reality takes over. Also, Monty’s father describes the happy and humble life Monty would have if he would not go to prison and run away. It is an illusionary representation of the typical Hollywood end living happily the American Dream. However, it’s just a dream and Montgomery takes responsibility for his actions because he cannot hide or blame others for what he did. Also, the director presents Monty in a smart way as being able to survive in prison, to become enlightened and who knows maybe after seven years to start an honest and simple life. The audience is given the choice of offering to the hero, a second chance, as he offered one to Doyle, his loving dog. The film ends with a road, which suggests that Monty’s life paths depend only on him. Although the weather creates a melancholic state, the presence of green trees symbolizes Monty’s rebirth. Therefore, there is still hope for Monty after he takes responsibility for his life choices. The ending of the movie makes us feel reflective because we start to contemplate over what is wrong or right in life, over what we should praise or value and that we are all heroes and victims, but is our individual choice that makes us distinctive.

Importance Of Human Resource Department ( Hrm ) At Tesco

Introduction This essay will discuss the key theories and principles relating to recruitment and selection, personality and also motivation to ensure Tesco brings success to their business operations. Tesco is a multi-national organisation; it has 13 supermarkets in different countries around the globe including India, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, China and also Turkey. Therefore, this includes 2,318 stores worldwide and 1,878 stores in the UK. The scale of this multi-national organisational is very large due to the amount of stores, as well as having more than 310,000 employees in the UK and 500,000 globally. Over the years, Tesco is recognised as one of the largest retailers in the world in terms of profitability and also revenues. The importance of human resource department (HRM) at Tesco is to â€Å"help in achieving organisational goals with effectiveness and efficiency, provide maximum opportunity for personnel development, providing suitable and most productive employment and also motivate individuals in their work†. (Shivarudrappa, Ramachandra, Gopalakrishna, 2010). This highlights that HRM is one of the key departments within any organisations including Tesco because it consists numerous of significant actions contributed in the hiring, recruiting, interviewing, training, measuring and monitoring performance within the organisation and also developing all kinds of possible and current employees. In addition, a constructive HRM strategy may increase the performance ofShow MoreRelatedDifferentiate Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management1500 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. 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Human Resource Management is one aspect within Project management that plays a significant role. Tesco PLC has become one of the leading retailers in the UK, as well as worldwide over the years. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, he began selling groceries from a stallRead MoreHuman Resource Management Essay3492 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Working in corporation or large companies is very popular nowadays because large companies are often with the large scale, huge capital and professional operation. Human resource has significant role in the organization. Human resource management is concerned with the people dimensions in management. Since every organization is made up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, motivating them to high level of performance, and ensuring that they continue to maintain

Sir Phillip Sidneys Sonnet #47 from Astrophil and Stella...

Sir Phillip Sidneys Sonnet #47 from Astrophil and Stella Sir Phillip Sidneys Sonnet # 47 from Astrophil and Stella The sonnet is a short concise form of writing and it takes a great mind to master it. By mastering it, I mean to be able to say so much in what seems like so little space. Sir Phillip Sidney comes as close to mastering it as anyone else in his time or any other does. As the opening line says, this is about a betrayal. Strangely enough, the last line of the sonnet ends with a word that is the very essence of betrayal. The sonnet ends with the word, lie. This would cause one to expect to get an explanation of the betrayal between the first and last lines. This appears to be a story of both love and betrayal. In the†¦show more content†¦In the second, line is questions whether he wants the spirit to show that he despises his love. He has wanted her for a long time and he is in misery without her, he is in this deep misery and the only thing he has is his despise for begging. The third quatrain is different from the first two in its format. The first line is indented and the other three are not. This would cause one to think that this line is set apart for a reason. The first two words say why, it is an exclamation to wake up. It is meant to stand out much like a mother coming into a childs room and yelling wake up very early in the morning. Here, the narrator is telling Virtue within himself to awake. He wants to do the right thing. He realizes that although this girl is beautiful, he does not love her and he must let her go. It is not fair to hold on to someone in a relationship or in the words of the first quatrain, keep someone a slave to you, if you do not love them. This is a commentary from over four hundred years ago that is still true in relationships today. Today, people will date or stay together in an unhealthy relationship for stupid reasons or superficial reasons and either one or both of the people do not love the other. The last couplet, the closing lines of the sonnet, also tell the story of relationships today. In the beginning of the relationship he thought that he may have been in love with her.

Asch s Conformity Experiment And Milgram s Obedience...

Introduction This report will compare two experiments; Asch s conformity experiment and Milgram s obedience experiment. The two experiments will be compared for validity and their ethics. In addition, this report will take into consideration Zimbardo s Stanford Prison experiment and the Lucifer Effect. To analyse how obedience and conformity theories can be used as an example of why good people can turn bad. This report will also look at how obedience and conformity can be applied to the criminal justice system. Conformity Solomon Asch s (1951) conformity experiment is the study of people adapting their behaviours in order to follow the social normalities. This experiment entails a group of people who are actors and know about the experiment, and one person who is unknowing of the experiment, which are all in the same room. The group is shown a pair of cards; card A has a line on the card, and card B has three lines varying in length on the card, the similarities of the lines are obvious. The group individually, saying out loud picks one of the three lines on card B that matches the length of the line on card A. Everybody picks the correct line, this happens for a few rounds, then when shown another pair of cards the first actor chooses the wrong line on card B. The rest of the actors choose the same line the first actor chose, this tests to see if the unknowing participant will choose the same answer as the group (McLeod, 2008). The person who is unknowing of theShow MoreRelatedWhy Do People Conform a nd Obey1280 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological terms, conformity refers to an individual`s urge to follow the rules or behaviours of a social group to which he belongs. Psychologists have put forward many theories to find out why people conform and obey and have completed studies to confirm their ideas. In this essay I will explain why people conform and obey. An important experiment demonstrating under which circumstances people showed conformity was done by a psychologist named Asch (1956). Asch`s experiments were made up to lookRead MoreSocial Influence On Social Psychology1870 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween three types of social influence which are compliance, conformity, and obedience. Compliance is often referred to as an active form of social influence in that it is usually intentionally initiated by a person where they may choose to comply or not to comply. Yet, the thoughts of social reward and punishment may lead them to compliance when they really do not want too. 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This is shown by Asch where the participant’s task was to compare the length of the lines by matching the standard line with three comparisons, one of which was clearly obvious the correct answer this is known as an unambiguous task. Asch found that when the majority of the confederate said the wrong answer the minority who was the participant also gave the wrong answer knowing it wasn’t correct (Asch 1956) this shows how they changed their answer to fit inRead MoreStanley Milgram s Theory Of Group Conformity, The Power Of Peer Pressure1333 Words   |  6 PagesStanley Milgram was born in 1933 and was raised in New York. He graduated from James Monroe High School in 1950. Milgram then went on to earn his bachelor s degree from Queens College in 1954. His profound love of city life which was reflected in his 1970 arti cle for Science on The Experience of City Living. 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We use it, to a degree, to study how every group has an impact on a singular entity, as well as how those impacts end up dictating the overall behavior of the entity. Hence, the apple analogy bears significant meaning: How do â€Å"good apples†, or normal, law abiding citizens, become â€Å"bad apples†, or the so called†scum of society†? Social dynamics affect elements such as conformity, obedience, and deindividualization

Mpio Free Essays

SCM Is the management of a network of Interconnected businesses Involved In the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers. Mall activities of SCM are as follows: Execution Control Monitoring Leveraging worldwide logistics Synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally. PLANNING: On the basis of above functions HRS department will make a plan to hire a best candidate for Finance, Marketing and Supply chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Mpio or any similar topic only for you Order Now HRS follow different criteria for different department such as: For Finance they require qualified person who can manage all procedure of accounting, arranging cash and credit as well as he knows how to raise the fund. For marketing they require experienced candidate because who provide create new ideas, Focus on to sustain the brand and to monitor competitors activities in the competitive market. For Supply Chain candidate must have experience of Logistics, Channel Management, operations and Risk Management. Suggestion: Gaston (Minds. ) has to follow three key elements of the HRS planning process to achieve best fit between Jobs and employees. Elements are as follows: Forecasting labor demand, Analyzing present labor supply, and Balancing projected labor demand and supply. RECRUITMENT: It is the overall process of attracting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates to a one or more Jobs within an organization. The term may sometimes be defined as incorporating activities which take place ahead of attracting people, such as defining the Job requirements and person specification. Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions, such as voluntary roles or training programmed. Suggestions for Gaston (Minds) is in order to increase efficiency in hiring and retention and to ensure consistency and compliance in the recruitment process, it is commended the following steps be followed (also refer to Staff Recruitment Checklist). Details for each step include the minimum recommended best practice to attract a talented and diverse applicant pool: Step 1: Identify Vacancy and Evaluate Need Step 2: Develop Position Description Step 3: Develop Recruitment Plan Step 4: Finalize Recruitment Selection committees will consider all applications. The department uses a streamlined selection process and applications are rigorously short listed. Selection committees may then choose between a number of different assessment methods. These include, but are not limited to, contacting referees prior to assessment, making an assessment based on application and referee input alone, conducting interviews, examining work samples and conducting performance tests which could be both written or practical. All selections and employment decisions for the department are based on merit. And to ensure consistency and compliance in the selection process, it is recommended the following steps be followed: Step 1: Select Search Committee Step 2: Post Position and Implement Recruitment Plan Step 3: Review Applicants and Develop Short List Step 4: Conduct Interviews How to cite Mpio, Papers

Strategic Management Corporate Identification

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Corporate Identification. Answer: Introduction This paper depicts the several aspects of the Amcor. The purpose is to appraisal the depth analysis of the Amcor. It enables to explain the corporate identification, research, revenue centers, external environment, sustainable advantage and business level strategy. Corporate identification: Corporation fulfilled the legal requirement that an entity separate and distinct from its owners. It is owned by a stakeholder who shares profit and losses by the organization operations. It has three characters such as legal existence, limited liability and continuity of existence. Amcor is a multinational corporation that operates from Australia. Amcor is listed on the Australia Securities Exchange. Its product protects beverage, food, medical, pharmaceutical and personal care goods. (Prahalad Hamel 2006). The product portfolio is the collection of all product or service that offered by the Amcor. The Amcor has two kinds of packaging products such as rigid plastics and flexible. Rigid plastics involves packaging for food, beverage, personal home care and pharmaceuticals. Flexible includes hospital suppliers, pharmaceuticals, food, drink pouches. Amcor is the world largest producer of PET bottles. It creates packaging solutions using rigid and flexible pl astic packaging. (Eggers 2012). Corporate Research: Business unit is an element (production, marketing, and accounting) of the Amcor that shows the specific business function. It is a flexible structural device that can help to implement people soft product based on how Amcor business works. (Harter, Schmidt Hayes 2002). The product line is a mixture of many products under a single brand that sold through same organization. Amcor sold plastic packaging product in the Australian market that helps to raise the sales of it. Amcors global pharmacy department manage 26 plants in 16 nations in Africa, Asia, Europe and the America that developing flexible plastic packaging solutions for the biotech and pharmaceutical. Product lines of packaging options find out the requirements for unit dose, sustainable solutions and child-resistant. Corporation Revenue Centers: Amcor 32 percent sales are generated from emerging markets. So, the emerging market is one of the best sources of revenue in the market. Amcor announced the acquisition of Delux Packages that generates around US $42 million packaging products to customers. The organization services the beverage, food, tobacco, healthcare markets by two operating segments rigid plastic packaging (31 percent of revenue) and flexible packaging (69 percent of revenue). Amcors geographic exposures involve Western Europe (34 percent of revenue), North America (29%) and Australia New Zealand (6%) and rest of 31 percent revenue from emerging markets. External Environment Analysis: It describes the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal procedure of the Amcor. Political: It is the significant external factor of the Amcor in the competitive market that made around 20 acquisitions in the last five year with rigid plastics, tobacco packaging, and flexible packaging. This long acquisition is occurring due to the stable political situation in Australia. Due to the long acquisition of the Amcor, it is surviving in the worldwide competitive market. It is the significant factor of the external environment of the Amcor that is achieved by the help of Australian political certainty. (Slaton 2011). Further, political certainty requires achieving the Amcor goal and objective in the competitive market. Amcor CEO conducted meeting with the Australian political leader to release funds for the plastic packaging industry. It is beneficial for the Amcor growth and development. (Lane 2013). Economic: Strong cash flow and good financial position of the Amcor helps the Australian economy to survive in the competitive market. Australia is a well-developed country that has mix market economic. Australian economic is dominated by the Amcor kinds of company contribution in the market. Further, Amcor affected the economy condition of the Australia because the economy is the indication of the right path in the plastic packaging industry. (Waschik, Fisher Prentice 2010). Social: Amcor got a gold rating in the 2014 Corporate Social Responsibility assessment that designed by Eco Vadis. It is possible by the social contribution of it. Amcor got outstanding result in the manufacturer of the plastic product. We should concentrate of partnering with our suppliers to share our abilities to help our business. Amcor won many awards such as World Star Packaging Award 2016, EAFA Alufoil Trophy 2015, Flexible Packaging Achievement Awards and DuPont award for Packaging Innovation. This award realizes the Amcor image in the society that it is working for stakeholder welfare. (Jack Plunkett 2010). Further, social is important external elements of the Amcor that helps to survive in the competitive market. Amcor plastic packaging goodwill in the society will help to survive in the competitive market. (Slaton 2011). Technological: Amcor created the LiquiForm technology in 2006 and completed the joint venture with LiquiForm and intellectual property. The joint venture is agreements with Yoshino Kogyosho Co, Nestle Waters, Amcor, and Sidel. It will issue a license to produce and sell equipment using the LiquiForm technology. CEO of the Amcor Ken MacKenzie said that I am working with packaging industry since last twenty year and LiquiForm technology is the breakthrough technologies in liquid packaging. LiquiForm technology will transform the rigid plastic container manufacturer industry that providing players throughout the value chain. The liquid is one of the best examples that Amcor is translating its deep understanding of the requirement of customers. (Jack Plunkett 2010). Environmental: The Amcor environmental policy is supported by three mandatory environmental standards such as cooling towers, community impact, and environmental discharges. These standards evaluate the highest risks in the Amcor. It is the significant standards for the Amcor that helps to survive in the competitive market. (Jack Plunkett 2010). Further, To achieve our environmental impacts, we will focus on working with suppliers, regularly setting working towards our GHG emissions and implementing environmental management systems. It is committed to managing its business in the worldwide. This commitment is supported by objective, target, and an environment policy, regular environmental reporting, and auditing. It meets its environmental goals to set targets, objectives, communication, education, and management responsibility. (Slaton 2011). Legal: Amcor is the fast growing packaging company in the worldwide market due to follow all legal activity of it. They followed the all legal procedure of the packaging in the market. It is helpful to survive in the competitive market. (Lane 2013). The source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: It is a tool that helps to improve the product quality with a lower price in the market. These are the significant source of the sustainable competitive advantage that is described below: People: If Amcor people (stakeholder) are better at creating, innovating and producing, then you may achieve competitive advantage. Rexam PLC, Silgan Holdings, and Georgia-Pacific, LLC is the close competitors of the Amcor can copy the product. But, they are never able to copy your people. The competitor companies help to evaluate Amcor product quality as compared to other products in the market. Amcor has to evaluate cost structure, brand and quality of packaging product as compared to its competitors that help to sustain competitive advantage of it. (Vorhies Morgan 2010). Organization culture structure: The organization culture is the behavior, beliefs, norms, mission and symbols of your Amcor. An effective culture concentrates the energies and skills of your people on producing meaningful results. (Jack Plunkett 2010). Process practices: If Amcor will produce superior methods of producing results. Then, you can enjoy competitive advantages. Amcor process of plastic packaging product is following the significant role in the competitive advantage. It made the Amcor one of the best PET packaging companies in the world. (Vorhies Morgan 2010). Product intellectual property: Amcor product packaging design can be a competitive advantage. Intellectual property laws can protect your rights to protect, process and technology design. (Porter Kramer 2012). Capital natural resource: It is the source of traditional source of most competitive advantage. The significant of capital has reduced over time. (Vorhies Morgan 2010). Technology: Technology involves transportation technology, energy, industrial machinery, consumer products and office equipment. Amcor created the LiquiForm technology in 2006 that is the significant source of the competitive advantage. (Porter Kramer 2012). Business Level Strategy: It shows the plan of the Amcor to conduct several features in their business operations. Amcor used five business level strategies that are determine below: Coordinate unit activities include all single activities found in a business. Develop distinctive advantage represent skills to produce products better than another organization. Identify market a niche includes conducting an economic analysis that Amcor consumer demand. Utilize human resource includes human labor to fulfill business objective or goals. Monitor product strategies should find to review the business level strategies to implement in their operation. (Nandakumar, Ghobadian O'Regan 2010). Conclusion Recommendation From the above analysis, it can be concluded that clear corporate identification, research, revenue centers, external environment, sustainable advantage and business level strategy, as well as high caliber to adopt new technology in Amcor helps to survive in the worldwide competitive market. It is a fast developing organization in the plastic packaging industry. These are the significant recommendations that are described below: Amcor should use innovative product design to raise the sales of the packaging product in the competitive market. Amcor should maintain the quality of the product to survive against their competitors such as Rexam PLC, Silgan Holdings, and Georgia-Pacific, LLC. Amcor should produce a consumer-oriented product that helps to sustain in the market. References Aziz, NA, and Yassin, NM, 2010. How will market orientation and external environment influence the performance among SMEs in the agro-food sector in Malaysia? International Business Research, 3(3), p.154. Beaton-Wells, C, Fisse, B, 2011, Australian Cartel Regulation: Law, Policy and Practice in an International Context, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. Eggers, JP, 2012, All experience is not created equal: learning, adapting, and focusing in product portfolio management, Strategic Management Journal, 33(3), pp.315-335. Harter, JK, Schmidt, FL, Hayes, TL, 2002, Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis, Journal of applied psychology, 87(2), p.268. Hoffman, NP, 2000, An examination of the" sustainable competitive advantage" concept: past, present, and future, Academy of marketing science review, 2000, p.1. Jack W, Plunkett, 2010, Plunkett's Chemicals, Coatings Plastics Industry Almanac 2009, Plunkett Research, Ltd., Melbourne. Kaplan, RS, and Norton, DP, 2001, The strategy-focused organization, Strategy and Leadership, 29(3), pp.41-42. Kumar, V, Jones, E, Venkatesan, R, Leone, RP, 2011, Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing? Journal of marketing, 75(1), pp.16-30. Lane, J, 2013, The Amcor Story: From Humble Beginnings to a Global Packaging Leader, ArmstrongQ Pty, Limited, Sydney. Lindstedt, M, Liesio, J, Salo, A, 2008, Participatory development of a strategic product portfolio in a telecommunication company, International Journal of Technology Management, 42(3), pp.250-266. Machuki, VN, and Aosa, E, 2011, The influence of the external environment on the performance of publicly quoted companies in Kenya. Nandakumar, MK, Ghobadian, A, O'Regan, N, 2010, Business-level strategy and performance: The moderating effects of environment and structure, Management Decision, 48(6), pp.907-939. Prez-Cirera, V, and Lovett, JC, 2006, Power distribution, the external environment and common property forest governance: A local user groups model, Ecological Economics, 59(3), pp.341-352. Porter, ME, Kramer, MR, 2012, The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy, Harvard business review, 80(12), pp.56-68. Prahalad, CK, and Hamel, G, 2006, The core competence of the corporation, In Strategische unternehmungsplanungstrategische unternehmungsfhrung (pp. 275-292), Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rothaermel, FT, Hitt, MA, Jobe, LA, 2006, Balancing vertical integration and strategic outsourcing: effects on product portfolio, product success, and firm performance, Strategic management journal, 27(11), pp.1033-1056. Slaton, HR, 2011, Vault Guide to the Top Manufacturing Employers, Vault Inc., Sydney. Vorhies, DW, Morgan, NA, 2010, Benchmarking marketing capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage, Journal of marketing, 69(1), pp.80-94. Lubit, R, 2001. The keys to sustainable competitive advantage, Organizational dynamics, 29(3), pp.164-178. Walters, BA, Priem, RL, Shook, CL, 2004, Small business manager scanning emphases and the dominant logic of the business-level strategy, Journal of small business strategy, 15(2), p.19. Waschik, R, Fisher, T, Prentice, D, 2010, Managerial Economics, Second Edition: A Strategic Approach, Routledge, Melbourne. Zott, C, Amit, R, 2008, The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance, Strategic management journal, 29(1), pp.1-26.