Research And Investigation Into Differential Validity And...

Research and investigation into differential validity and differential prediction has been ongoing, especially as it relates to cognitive ability tests. This is due, in part, to the apparent validity differences inherent in cognitive ability tests between minority and nonminority groups. Test bias, differential validity, and differential prediction will be discussed, along with how each of these relate to cognitive ability tests. Test bias may occur in some situations, and this can sometimes lead to adverse impact for various subgroups. The concepts surrounding differential validity can also have an effect on ethical and global considerations for an organization, which will also be explored. Differential Testing Test Bias A primary†¦show more content†¦Therefore, although it would be ideal to use selection procedures that are highly valid, and display appropriate diversity, this may not always occur. However, simply because a test shows lower scores for a minority group does not necessarily mean the test shows bias. Differential Validity and Differential Prediction A relatively large mean difference found between various subgroups for general cognitive ability tests is suggestive of bias regarding test scores (McDaniel Banks, 2010). This perception seems to be supported by single-group validity, which in this example, would indicate that general cognitive ability tests have validity for one subgroup, but not the other. Differential validity puts forward the concept that a test has one validity for one subgroup, and a significantly different validity for another subgroup (McDaniel Banks, 2010). There is an issue with this line of logic though, single-group validity lacks the comparison needed to actually compare the two subgroups. Extensive research backs this up, and it has been found that differential validity is very uncommon (Berry, Barratt, Dovalina, Zhao, 2014; Cascio Aguinis, 2011; McDaniel Banks, 2010). Therefore, different validities for various subgroups in not necessarily what is occurring with general cognitive ability tests, at least not very often. Instead, the issue occurring with general cognitive ability tests regardingShow MoreRelatedSignificance of the Study: Predictive Power of High School GPA and Admission Test Scores on College Academic Performance 1026 Words   |  5 PagesSignificance of the Study The findings of this study can be valuable in three ways. First, they may guide admissions personnel and decision makers at the ministry of higher education and scientific research in identifying whether high school GPA and admission test scores help in predicting academic performance of students attending higher education institutions. This study might also help them in the development of future admission plans and student retention programs at Yemeni universities andRead MoreHow Does Opinionated Responses Affect Job Performance827 Words   |  4 PagesFuture employee success was found, â€Å"a meta-analysis’s low validity is largely due to four main problems with references and letters of recommendation: leniency, knowledge of the applicant, low reliability, and extraneous factors involved in writing and reading such letters† (Aamodt, 2016, p. 161). A letter of recommendation has a great chance of developing into one predictor of performance with certain abilities of further refinement and research. The trait approach assists to validly score adjectivesRead MoreThe Effect Of Concentration On The Rate Of Reaction By Decreasing The Time1708 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, the spread of colour could be slow since a large quantity of I2 has been used up to cancel the significantly larger amount of HSO3- ions. For what has been observed, the second part of the hypothesis is plausible. Though, this is an area of investigation which needs to be further investigated to be considered a reliable statement. Overall, the data supports the first half of the hypothesis and hints at the plausibility of the second part. To confirm that the reliability of both reactions withRead MoreEssay on Personality in the Workplace1380 Words   |  6 Pagesapplicants are motivated to misrepresent themselves in their responses in an attempt to be the ideal candidate (Carswell, Law, Lee, Lewis O’Neill, 2013, p.162). It is also important to mention that â€Å"conscientiousness in particular, has broad predictive validity for academic and job performance† (Higgins, Lee, Peterson, 2007, p.299). For neuroticism a higher score than the average was received, meaning the participant is less likely to cope with stress in work situations very well. The openness score wasRead MoreEffectiveness Of A Control Experiment1397 Words   |  6 Pagesobliged to make a prediction of what will happen due to what variable and give a justification. 1) Reliability: This is the general consistency of measure. At the point when researcher gathers information they need to make sure that the information they collect is reliable by repeating test numerous time or else the results can be false or inaccurate. Additionally it is important so that when another scientist repeats the experiment or test they hold similar results.2) Validity: its means that ourRead MoreUnderstanding Lmx And Hrd Theories1732 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership development specialists by defending its validity as opposed to its usefulness. 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These trends have been supported by Australian research. Population estimates revealed that 407,400 (5.1%) Australian women aged between 16-85 years old had experienced depressive disorders compared to an estimate of 245,000 (3.1%) men (ABS, 2007). Romans, Tyas, Cohen, and Silverstone (2007) screenedRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pagesare able to provide scholars with opportunities to conduct research and gain publications—the very accomplishment that allows for tenure 109 110 CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY and career advancement (Cole, 1975). Hirschi’s theorizing has thus been a rich resource that criminologists have mined for numerous publications (Gottfredson, 2006; Kempf, 1993; Pratt Cullen, 2000; Sampson Laub, 1993). There is little evidence that this vein of research ideas will soon run dry. This is not to say that Hirschi’s

Sex! No Longer a Dirty Word - 1632 Words

Sex! No Longer a Dirty Word Sex in America’s high schools is a reality that must be faced head on. Many high school students today are struggling with the decision to have sex. As a society, are we letting today’s teens down by not having a full sexual education curriculum available in all high schools? In a study conducted in 2007, detailing the sexual activity of high school students, between grades ninth and twelfth showed that 48% of students had sexual intercourse (46% girls 50% boys) (ReCAPP). So why is it that our schools teach abstinence to the students? It is made clear by the study that half of the students are still having sexual contact with their partners. After personally experiencing sex at an early age, the discovery sex†¦show more content†¦Where can one go to find out information about STD’s, the occasional poster hanging of the locker room wall or in the nurse’s office that doubles as the store room? On most high school campus t his information is nowhere to be found. That’s why we need to have an educational class that explains the whole sexual experience that comes when high school students make that decision to join the sexual revolution. By educating the children before they become sexually active they will know the risk and the symptoms of common STD’s that seem to be found around high school campuses. They need to know that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that you can get from having sex with someone who has the infection. The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites and viruses (U.S. National Library of Medicine). The opponents of this type of open education say things like, â€Å"if they weren’t having sexual intercourse, they wouldn’t have to worry about STD’s.† That’s a correct statement most of the time, except when it comes to the most powerful of STD’s HIV/AIDS. That can be contracted without having sexual intercourse so why not educate them about everything. According to the CDC in 2009 about 8300 young people between the ages of 13-24 were affected with HIV (Teen Sex). Even through this, STD’s can’t to date be cured; students should still know the proper steps to take to get a test run by their physicians which could be in some cases lifesaving information. Knowing thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Freedom In George Orwells 19841238 Words   |  5 Pagesthat it would be punished by death†¦,† (Orwell 6). Even though the society has â€Å"no laws†, there were still ways that the government provoked fear into its citizens. The use of the word illegal creates an ominous tone to this statement because even though having a diary was not against the standards, by Orwell using that word, it still conveys that there are hindrances in the society that are used to control its people. 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Nike Incorporation Free Essays

Nike is a world class company that manufactures and markets a wide large of sports equipments such as sports, balls, t-shirts, tracks, uniforms for various sporting activities such as football, basketball, athletics, cricket, tennis and golf. The company was in incorporated in the year 1968 in the state of Oregon, it main business being to design and manufacture the best foot wear and other accessory products. But, Nike has grown to be a world class company that sells well branded and expensive products that are well known for their high quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Incorporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nike trademark of â€Å"just do it† is well known, and it relates to the sporting spirit. The company has more than 500 plants in more than 45 countries.[1] Nike did not experience much competition until in 1980s and 90s when Reebok and European counterparts Adidas and Puma entered the market. But Reebok was purchased by Adidas in 2006 thus Adidas is the one giving Nike competition. Nike has been the main player on the footwear market until then, the company controlled about 30% of the United States market, Reebok enjoyed about 20% followed by other companies like Adidas and Puma. Nikes abroad sales went up to $2 billion by 1995 and were leading by having 40% of total sales in footwear. [2] The marketing strategy of Nike has been the biggest success of the company. Nike has premium brands, and offers the market high quality and expensive products. The company creates a brand image which is achieved by the unique logo of a (tick) and a slogan of â€Å"just do it† which attracts lots of customers. The company also does promotional activities of its products by entering into sponsorship deals with world class football stars, celebrity athletes, national teams, and also college athletic. Nevertheless Nike has mixed it marketing strategies and has more elements more than promotion.   This other elements are; competitive price, wide range of products, numerous outlets and retailers (more than 20,000), sponsorship and promotion activities. Currently, Nike has a market share of around 37% in the world. The main objective of Nike is to become a leading sport equipment manufacturer in the world and maintain these standards in future. The major client base is the youth and the young adults who mainly buy the sports products from the company. The company has put a lot of attention on products for men, women, and children, and their children’s shoes are now doing very well on the market currently.   The company has created more market by venturing into various market segments and manufacturing more various products. To achieve its objective of being the leader in market business the company is exploiting new markets outside Europe. Nike has also managed to control its market by acquiring other small companies and turning them to manufacture their products. Like in 1998 it’s purchased Cole Hann which was making informal dress and shoes for $180 and cached a base of young people and their sales went up at 23% making a profit of $ 100 millions in 1998. Nike has continued to improve in its brand and marketing and its objective of being â€Å"the greatest sports and fitness company in the world† alongside world class companies like Coca-Cola. Nike gets contracts with individual clients, cooperate clients and even countries and states. The company supplies to them different products, they can be football uniform for a national team, tracksuits for national athletic teams or even tailor made shoes or uniform for specific football stars such as Ranaldhno of Brazil. [3]The market is divided in various segments which can be viewed according to the region There have been many challenges faced by Nike on the marketing side and Nike has done a lot of to recapture the market. These initiatives that Nike undertook was such as creating an ACG (all- conditions gear) unit and Techlab which was meant to market a brand of sports technology products. Such like digital audio player and waist compass these projects were meant to capture sales. In the beginning of 1999 Nike launched its products on the internet and they were directly available to the customers. Nike has continued to expand its market and with a strong marketing team lead by Mr. Perez who has vast experience, the company in 2004, posted profits of more than $1 billion. [4] The company has a high team of human resources managers who are responsible for building a workforce which is effective and efficient. This managers build teams develop the necessary talents that are seriously needed by the organization to perform their duties. The managers also inspire, mentor, set examples, innovate and revolutionize all the employees in order to achieve the best from them. The employees also attend refresher courses seminars and training to keep them in touch with new market trends and technological advancements. In general the public attitude towards the company is good, but the people of Beaverton where the company feel that it should be annexed fro where its headquarters are in Oregon State. But the company feels that the annexing will cost it $700,000 every year in terms of added taxes. The company objective is achieved through proper marketing and advancement in technology by creating high quality products and designing better management approaches to maintain the market. Another aspect the company has done is to create better working conditions and customer relationships as from 2002 Nike addressed the issues of employees exploitations and carried out random company inspections to check the working conditions of its employment. [5] Nike has training programmers to train its employees and advance them with the current market needs. Another thing that the company is involvement in is to improve its company image by getting involved in corporate social responsibilities. The company thus contributions to charities organizations and also organizes social activities for the society, and sponsors individuals and persons. This has greatly improved its image. Nike is also one of the most environmental friendly companies. And this has a very positive image in the eyes of the public which has become much environmental aware. Conclusion Nike is a big organization that commands a large market in the world. It is apparent that to maintains such a market by investing a lot in marketing and research so that it can satisfy its customers and keep up with new trends on the market. Better management skills and quality products are the main ingredient for success for any company. Many obstacles in marketing and management come up to challenge the company including stiff competition. But it is clear that with well and timely adjustments in marketing and advancement in technology and being to be innovative the company has managed to capture and maintain its markets. Therefore for any company to remain profitable and impressive its must embrace prudent management and better technology. References Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002): How Nike Got Its Game Back; Business Week, November 4, pp. 129-31. Jenkins, H. W. (1998): The Rise and Stumble of Nike; Wall Street Journal, June 3,                [1] Jenkins, H. W. (1998): The Rise and Stumble of Nike;   Wall Street Journal, June 3, [2] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. [3] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. [4] Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002): How Nike Got Its Game Back; Business Week, November 4, pp. 129-31. [5] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. How to cite Nike Incorporation, Essay examples